牛牙症根管治疗1例和文献综述
【摘要】 牛牙症以牙髓腔变大、牙根变短、颈溢痕不明显为典型特征,可以是单独性病变,也可以伴随发育性疾病和异常一起发生。Hertwig上皮根鞘未能在适当的水平内折或者断裂延迟是牛牙症发生的重要原因,其发病机制尚不完全清楚。目前,该类牙牙髓根尖周病变的治疗仍以根管治疗为主。本文报告1例牛牙症患者,并结合相关文献对该病的发病机制和治疗进行讨论。
【关键词】 牛牙症; 牙髓钙化; 根管治疗
BRoot canal therapy for taurodontism:A case report and literature review SHAO Mei-ying1, ZHENG Guang-ning2, HU Tao1. (1. Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China College of Stomatology,Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; 2. Dept. of Radiology, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China)
[Abstract] Taurodontism is characterized by larger pulp champer, decreased root length and less marked cervical constriction. It has also been associated with several syndromes and anomalies, however, it most frequently appears as an isolated anomaly. A failure of Hertwig′s epithelial root sheath to invaginate at the appropriate horizontal le-vel shed important light on the pathogenesis of taurodontism. To date, the etiopathogenesis of taurodontism is un-clear. When these teeth are infected by endodontitis or apical periodontitis, root canal therapy is still the best choice. One case of taurodontism was reported and relevant literatures were reviewed. The possible etiology and treatment of taurodontism was discussed.
[Key words] taurodontism; pulp calcification; root canal therapy
1913年,Keith首次提出牛牙症的概念。这种变异的牙齿以牙髓腔变大、牙根变短和颈溢痕不明显为典型特征,临床发病率为0.57%~4.37%[1]。根据牛牙症指数(taurodontism index,TI)=(髓腔垂直高度/髓室顶最低点至最长根管的根尖处距离)×100,可以将牛牙症分为犬牙状(0~19.9)、轻度(20.0~29.9)、中度(30.0~39.9)和重度(40.0~75.0)4种类型。笔者在临床收集了1例牛牙症的病例,报道如下。
1 临床资料
患者,男,21岁,于2008年4月至四川大学华西口腔医院牙体牙髓病科就诊。主诉:左上后牙疼痛2周,加重3 d。现病史:患者自述左上后牙2周前出现冷热刺激痛并逐渐加重,3 d前出现夜间痛,就诊前加剧。既往史:既往体健,否认有药物过敏史和家族遗传疾病史。临床检查:
│6面深龋洞,探诊阳性,冷刺激阳性,叩诊阴性,松动度阴性,牙龈无红肿,未探及牙周袋。X线片检查示:│6龋损深达髓腔,髓腔高大,根尖牙周膜略微增宽,TI=(1.50/2.50)×100=60(图1)。6│髓腔高大,TI=(1.10/2.60)×100=42.3(图2)。诊断:1)│不明白的上www%yake$net$cn,加牙科网的QQ群了解:144#2704$84,6重度牛牙症,急性牙髓炎;2)
6│重度牛牙症。
治疗过程:去除│6龋坏组织,开髓揭全髓室顶,探查到3个根管口,用根管显微镜仔细探查3个根管口之间的沟和裂,未发现额外的副根管
(图3)。拔髓,8号K型锉疏通3个根管,可见腭侧根管通畅,但近颊根管口下2 mm钙化明显,未能探入,远颊根根中份阻挡感相当明显。开大
根管口后,在根管显微镜下运用K型锉和乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)凝胶反复扩锉,远颊根到达根尖1/3后,未能继续深入;近颊根仍未扩通。运用Protaper手用镍钛器械行逐步后退法预备远颊和腭根根管,预备至F3型号。1周后,采用非标准牙胶尖和AH Plus侧压充填法对根管进行严密充填。X线片显示,│6腭根呈柱状而非传统的锥形(图4)。
2 讨论
本例牛牙症发生于磨牙,这与牛牙症多发生于前磨牙和磨牙相吻合。但牛牙症并无牙齿特异性,乳牙和恒牙均可罹患该疾病[2]。最近的临床调查资料显示,下颌前磨牙发生牛牙症的概率明显高于上颌前磨牙,且男性的牛牙症发病率高于女性[3]。
牛牙症既可以是单独性病变,也可以伴随发育性疾病和异常一起发生。大量的病例报告表明,釉质发育不全、外胚层紊乱、Town综合征、Klinefelter综合征和Trichodento-Osseous综合征等均可伴发牛牙症[4-7]。牛牙症病因复杂,目前学术界较为一致的观点是,牛牙症为Hertwig上皮根鞘未能在适当的水平内折或者断裂延迟所致[8]。
Aldred等[4-5]先后报道,釉质发育不全与牛牙症相关。Dong等[9]发现,dlx-3基因同源结构域内2个碱基对的缺失与伴有牛牙症的釉质发育不全这种常染色体显性疾病相关。但最近的临床大规模X线检查发现,牙齿发育不全与牛牙症并无直接相关性[10]。这些研究结果使牙齿(釉质)发育不全与牛牙症病程是否相关更具不确定性。本例牛牙症患者并未发现系统性疾病,但是该患者左右侧上后牙X线片示均为牛牙症(图1和2)。这就提示,发育异常在牛牙症的发病过程中起着一定的作用。
除上述因素外,笔者认为,牙髓钙化亦可能与牛牙症病程有关。牙髓钙化有2种形式,一是髓石钙化,多见于髓腔内;另一种是弥散性钙化,多见于根管内。牙髓钙化可以阻止细菌的入侵,因此牙髓钙化可以视为牙髓细胞的一种保护性反应[11]。一般近颊根管最为细小,最易钙化沉积甚至阻塞不通。本例牛牙症患者近颊根管钙化不通,提示牙髓钙化在牛牙症病程中起着重要的保护性作用。
牛牙症患牙髓腔高大,根管口位置根向移位且变异程度较大,根管腔内存在不同程度的钙化,且有侧支根管的存在,为探查根管、预备根管、充填根管及髓室腔增加了难度[12]。笔者建议在治疗过程中结合X线片,充分运用根管显微镜,探查根管口的形态和走向,采用超声冲洗法预备大而高的髓腔,对于钙化不通的根管,应采用显微内窥镜超声预备,可配合使用K型锉和Protaper以及EDTA凝胶协同预备,运用质量分数为2.5%的次氯酸钠冲洗根管,以溶解腐败坏死的牙髓组织,采用改良热牙胶充填技术即Obture Ⅱ系统严密充填根管和髓腔。此外,对于重度牛牙症患者,由于其根管极度细小且分叉较大,活髓切断术可能是最好的选择。
【参考文献】
[1] Ruprecht A, Batniji S, el-Neweihi E. The incidence of taurodontism in dental patients[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1987, 63(6):743-747.
[2] Tiku A, Damle SG, Nadkarni UM, et al. Hypertaurodon-tism in molars and premolars: Management of two rare cases[J]. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent, 2003, 21(4):131-134.
[3] Pillai KG, Scipio JE, Nayar K, et al. Prevalence of tau-rodontism in premolars among patients at a tertiary care
institution in Trinidad[J]. West Indian Med J, 2007, 56(4):368-371.
[4] Aldred MJ, Crawford PJ. Variable expression in Amelo-genesis imperfecta with taurodontism[J]. J Oral Pathol,1988, 17(7):327-333.
[5] Pavlic A, Lukinmaa PL, Nieminen P, et al. Severely hy- poplastic amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism[J].Int J Paediatr Dent, 2007, 17(4):259-266.
[6] Bell J, Civil CR, Townsend GC, et al. The prevalence of taurodontism in Down′s syndrome[J]. J Ment Defic Res, 1989, 33(6):467-476.
[7] Joseph M. Endodontic treatment in three taurodontic teeth associated with 48,XXXY Klinefelter syndrome: A re-view and case report[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral PatholOral Radiol Endod, 2008, 105(5):670-677.
[8] Terezhalmy GT, Riley CK, Moore WS. Clinical images in oral medicine and maxillofacial radiology. Taurodon-tism[J]. Quintessence Int, 2001, 32(3):254-255.
[9] Dong J, Amor D, Aldred MJ, et al. DLX3 mutation as-sociated with autosomal dominant amelogenesis imper-fecta with taurodontism[J]. Am J Med Genet A, 2005,133A(2):138-141.
[10] Calvano Küchler E, De Andrade Risso P, De Castro Costa M, et al. Assessing the proposed association between to-oth agenesis and taurodontism in 975 paediatric subjects[J]. Int J Paediatr Dent, 2008, 18(3):231-234.
[11] 张文萍, 陈瑞杨. 牙髓钙化形成的原因探讨[J]. 临床口腔医学杂志, 2008, 24(5):272-274.
[12] Jafarzadeh H, Azarpazhooh A, Mayhall JT. Taurodontism: A review of the condition and endodontic treatment challenges[J]. Int Endod J, 2008, 41(5):375-388.